Gum disease and Alzheimer's risk: what does the research say?

Research has found a link between gum disease and Alzheimer's disease, but it has not shown that gum disease causes Alzheimer's. Scientists are studying whether bacteria linked to gum disease may help explain the connection. For now, the evidence is a reason to take care of your gums, not proof that gum disease leads to Alzheimer's. 

What you will learn in this article: 

• Researchers have found a link between gum disease and Alzheimer's disease, but not proof that one causes the other.

• Scientists are studying whether bacteria linked to gum disease may reach the brain. 

• Early gum disease can often be reversed with the right care. 

• Daily oral care and regular dental visits help protect your gum health. 

If you have questions about your gum health, talk with a dental provider. You can schedule an appointment with an Aspen Dental provider to get a full picture of where your gum health stands. 

What is gum disease? 

Gum disease starts small: Plaque builds up on your teeth, and the bacteria inside it irritate your gums and the tissue around them, causing inflammation. 

Catch it early and you're in good shape. Early gum disease usually shows up as red, swollen or bleeding gums, and according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), it often improves with good daily brushing and flossing.¹ Left alone, though, it can progress, damaging the bone and tissue that hold your teeth in place and eventually leading to loose teeth.¹ 

How do germs from gum disease spread? 

Researchers are still studying how bacteria linked to gum disease might affect areas outside the mouth. The American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) says bacteria linked to gum disease could make their way to the brain.² 

That is a possible explanation researchers are exploring. It does not prove that gum disease causes Alzheimer's disease. 

What does research say about gum disease and Alzheimer's? 

Scientists have found an association, but there are still important questions to answer. The AAP reports a connection between bacteria linked to periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease and says those bacteria could reach the brain and play a role in the disease.² The ADA also notes research linking periodontitis and the bacteria involved in it with dementia, including Alzheimer's disease. But it cautions that links between gum disease and conditions elsewhere in the body do not show that one causes the other.³ 

So current research supports a possible connection. It does not prove that gum disease causes Alzheimer's disease. 

Why gum health matters beyond your mouth 

Researchers are still working out what the connection between gum disease and Alzheimer's means. What is already clear is that untreated gum disease can damage the tissues and bone that support your teeth. 

Taking care of gum disease is important for your oral health. It should not be viewed as a proven way to prevent Alzheimer's disease. 

How to protect your gum health 

Good gum care doesn't have to be complicated. The NIDCR recommends brushing with fluoride toothpaste two times a day, cleaning between your teeth regularly and seeing your dental provider for routine checkups and professional cleanings. If your gums bleed, look swollen or seem to be pulling away from your teeth, tell your dental provider. Your dental team can check for gum disease and recommend treatment if you need it.¹ 

If you notice bleeding, swelling or changes in your gums, talk with your dental provider. They can check what’s causing the problem and help you keep your gums healthy. 

Gum disease and Alzheimer's risk: what the research says FAQs 

Still have questions about gum disease and Alzheimer’s risk? These answers cover a few common concerns. 

Can gum disease come back after treatment?  

Yes. Gum disease can return if the habits that caused it don't change. That's why your dental provider may recommend more frequent cleanings after treatment. Brushing, flossing and keeping up with checkups are what help keep it from coming back. 

Can treating gum disease lower my Alzheimer's risk? 

There's no proof yet that treating gum disease prevents Alzheimer's. What is clear is that treating gum disease is good for your overall health. Your dental provider can help you get your gums to a healthier place. 

At what age should I start worrying about gum health? 

Gum disease can start at any age. The earlier you catch it, the easier it is to treat. Early gum disease can often be reversed with professional cleaning and better care at home. 

How often should I see a dental provider for gum health? 

Your dental provider can tell you how often you need to come in. For people with healthy gums, a checkup twice a year is a common starting point. If you already have gum disease, you may need to come in more often. 

Sources 

¹ National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research: “Periodontal (Gum) Disease.” https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease 

² American Academy of Periodontology: “Gum Disease and Other Diseases.” https://www.perio.org/for-patients/gum-disease-information/gum-disease-and-other-diseases/ 

³ American Dental Association: “Periodontitis.” https://www.ada.org/resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/periodontitis