Cavities are something that most people will experience at some point in their life. However, with preventative maintenance and early treatment, you can, hopefully, avoid cavities that cause extreme pain and discomfort. Understanding what causes cavities and taking proactive steps to prevent tooth decay is essential to maintaining a healthy smile.
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore everything you need to know about cavities—from how they form to the best treatment options and prevention strategies. Whether you're trying to avoid cavities altogether or seeking relief from the pain they cause, this guide will provide you with the knowledge you need.
What causes cavities?
Cavities, also known as dental caries, are caused by tooth decay. Tooth decay is a process that occurs when the bacteria in your mouth produce acids that erode the enamel, the outer protective layer of your teeth. This erosion happens when sugary or starchy foods and drinks interact with bacteria in plaque—a sticky film that constantly forms on your teeth.
When you consume foods high in sugars and starches, the bacteria in plaque produce acids that attack the enamel. Over time, repeated acid attacks can break down the enamel, creating tiny holes or cavities. If left untreated, the decay can progress deeper into the tooth, reaching the dentin and even the pulp, where nerves and blood vessels are located.
How to tell if you have a cavity
Recognizing the signs of a cavity early can help prevent more severe dental issues. Here are some common symptoms that might indicate you have a cavity:
Tooth pain
One of the most common signs of a cavity is a toothache, especially when biting down or chewing. This pain may start off as mild but can become more persistent and severe as the decay spreads. At this point, the cavity has probably become large enough that it needs a root canal or tooth extraction.
Visible holes
If you notice a visible hole in your tooth, it's a clear sign that a cavity has formed. These types of cavities are usually more advanced and require prompt attention from your dentist.
Tooth sensitivity
Increased sensitivity to hot or cold foods and drinks is another common symptom of a cavity. This sensitivity occurs because the enamel has been worn down, exposing the sensitive inner layers of the tooth.
Dark spots
Dark spots related to cavities are commonly found on the grooves of the chewing aspect of teeth. Other risk factors, including smoking and using stain-invoking substances, can cause dark spots that can be confused for cavities. So it is best to have dark spots evaluated without delay.
Why do cavities hurt?
Cavities hurt because as the decay progresses, it eventually reaches the deeper layers of the tooth, where nerves are located. The pain is a result of these nerves becoming infected or inflamed due to the damage caused by the bacteria.
The level of pain can vary depending on the extent of the decay. Initially, you might experience mild discomfort, but as the cavity grows, the pain can become more intense and persistent. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the gums and other areas, leading to more significant health issues.
When decay reaches the pulp of the tooth—the innermost layer containing nerves and blood vessels—the pain can be severe and constant. This is because the infection and inflammation put pressure on the nerves, causing intense discomfort. Additionally, cavities that are left untreated can lead to abscesses, which are pockets of pus caused by bacterial infections. These abscesses can cause significant pain and may require more extensive dental treatment.
How to relieve pain from a cavity
If you’re experiencing pain from a cavity, you’ll likely want some immediate relief. While these methods can provide temporary relief, they are not a substitute for professional dental care.
Lukewarm salt water rinse
Rinsing your mouth with lukewarm salt water can help kill bacteria and ease the pain temporarily. The saltwater can also reduce inflammation and promote healing.
Over-the-counter pain relievers
Medications like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help reduce inflammation and pain. These can be particularly effective in managing discomfort while you wait for a dental appointment. At Aspen Dental, we also make emergency dental care available so you don’t have to wait in discomfort.
Dental numbing gel
Applying a numbing gel to the affected area can provide short-term relief from cavity pain. These gels are available over-the-counter and can be applied directly to the painful area.
Hot and cold packs
Alternating hot and cold packs on the outside of your mouth can help reduce swelling and numb the pain. Apply a cold pack to the outside of your cheek for about 15 minutes to reduce inflammation, followed by a warm pack to soothe the area.
Remember, these methods are only temporary solutions. It’s important to see your dentist as soon as possible to treat the cavity and prevent further complications.
When to contact your dentist
As soon as you suspect you have a cavity, it’s best to contact your dentist. The sooner you address the problem, the less likely it is to progress into a more serious condition. Early treatment also tends to be less invasive and more affordable.
If you notice symptoms such as fever, headache, swelling in the face, or severe pain, these could indicate a more severe infection that requires immediate attention. These symptoms may suggest that the infection has spread beyond the tooth, potentially affecting other areas of your mouth or even your overall health.
Treatment options for cavities
At some point, most people will need treatment for a cavity. The type of treatment you receive will depend on how advanced the cavity is. Here are some common treatment options:
Fluoride treatments
If the cavity is in its very early stages, fluoride treatments can help restore the tooth's enamel and reverse decay. Fluoride is a mineral that helps strengthen the enamel and can prevent cavities from forming or worsening. Your dentist may apply fluoride in the form of a gel, foam, or varnish.
Fillings
For other cavities that have penetrated the enamel, a filling is often the best option. The dentist will remove the decayed portion of the tooth and fill the cavity with a material like composite resin, amalgam. Fillings help restore the tooth's structure and function while preventing further decay.
Crowns
If the cavity is large or the tooth is significantly weakened, a crown can restore the tooth and prevent it from further breakdown. A crown is a custom-made cap that covers the entire tooth, restoring its shape, size, and function. Crowns are typically used when a tooth has suffered extensive damage that cannot be repaired with a filling alone.
Root canals
In severe cases where the decay has reached the pulp (the inner part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels), a root canal may be required. During this procedure, the infected pulp is removed, and the tooth is sealed with a filling or crown. Root canals are an effective way to save a tooth that might otherwise need to be extracted.
Tooth extraction
If the tooth is too damaged to be saved, extraction may be the only option. After the tooth is removed, your dentist may recommend a bridge, denture, or dental implant to fill the gap and prevent shifting of the remaining teeth.
What increases the risk of getting a cavity?
Understanding the risk factors for cavities can help you take steps to protect your teeth. Here are some common risk factors that can increase your chances of developing cavities:
Location of the tooth
Molars and premolars are more prone to cavities due to their grooves and crannies, which can trap food particles and bacteria. These back teeth are also harder to clean, making them more susceptible to decay.
Poor dental hygiene
Not brushing and flossing regularly allows plaque to build up, increasing the risk of cavities. Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth and can lead to decay if not removed.
Diet
A diet high in sugary and starchy foods can fuel the bacteria in your mouth, leading to more acid production and enamel erosion. Frequent snacking on sugary foods and drinks can also increase the risk of cavities.
Lack of fluoride
Fluoride helps strengthen your enamel, making it more resistant to decay. Without enough fluoride, your teeth are more vulnerable to cavities. Fluoride can be found in drinking water, toothpaste, and mouthwash.
Dry mouth
Saliva helps wash away food and bacteria, so if you have a dry mouth, you're at a higher risk of developing cavities. Certain medications, medical conditions, and lifestyle factors can contribute to dry mouth.
How to take preventative measures against cavities
Prevention is the best way to avoid the pain and discomfort of cavities. Here are some tips to keep your teeth healthy and cavity-free:
Maintain proper dental hygiene
Brush your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, floss daily, and rinse with mouthwash to remove plaque and bacteria. Good oral hygiene is essential for preventing cavities and maintaining overall dental health.
Visit your dentist regularly
Regular dental check-ups and cleanings can help catch cavities early and prevent them from worsening. Your dentist can also provide professional fluoride treatments and dental sealants to protect your teeth.
Limit sugary foods and drinks
Reducing your intake of sugary and starchy foods can lower the amount of acid-producing bacteria in your mouth. Instead, choose healthier snacks like fruits, vegetables, and cheese, which can help protect your teeth.
Use fluoride products
Incorporate fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash into your daily routine to strengthen your enamel. Fluoride can also be found in certain foods, like potatoes, oatmeal raisins, and canned shellfish, as well as drinking water, so be sure to include these in your diet.
Stay hydrated
Drink plenty of water to help wash away food particles and keep your mouth moist. Staying hydrated also promotes saliva production, which helps protect your teeth from decay.
Be prepared and know what to do when you notice a cavity
The chances are that at some point in your life, you're going to have a cavity. With the proper prevention steps, you can avoid severe decay and catch the problem before it becomes more painful or results in tooth loss.
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